HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - DETAILED INSIGHTS
Below is a comprehensive overview of human anatomy (structure) and physiology (function), organized from the most fundamental levels of organization through each major organ system, and concluding with integrative and clinical correlations. 1. Levels of Organization Chemical Level Atoms (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) combine into Molecules (water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), which form Macromolecules (DNA, RNA, enzymes). Cellular Level Cells are the smallest living units. Organelles: nucleus (genetic control), mitochondria (ATP production), endoplasmic reticulum (protein/lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (sorting/packaging), lysosomes (digestion), cytoskeleton (shape/movement). Tissue Level Epithelial : lining/protection (skin, mucosa). Connective : support (bone, cartilage, adipose, blood). Muscle : contraction (skeletal, cardiac, smooth). Ner...